Genesis 22:1-18

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• Reading the Text:
  • NRSV (with link to Anglicized NRSV) at Oremus Bible Browser.
  • The Bible Gateway: NIV, NASB, CEV, The Message, KJV, etc.
  • The Blue Letter Bible. KJV, alternate versions, Hebrew text with concordance, commentaries.
  • The World Wide Study Bible includes commentary, exposition and sermons.
  • Bereshit 22: Massoretic, Hebrew, Aramaic, JPS.
• Historical References, Commentary and Comparative Texts:
  • Navigating the Bible: Text/Rabbinic commentary and Divrei Torah.
  • "The Victor," Comparative World Scriptures from United Communities of Spirit.
  • Chapter XXXI of The First Epistle to the Corinthians, Clement of Rome (ca. 96).
  • IV.V.4, Adversus Haereses, Irenaeus of Lyons. (c. 180)
  • Chapter I, Chapter X, Chapter XIII, Adversus Judaeos, Tertullian (c. 198)
  • Chapter VIII, On Prayer,  Tertullian (c. 199)
  • II.5, V.11, Stromata, Clement of Alexandria (c 200)
  • V.20, Against Marcion, Tertullian (c. 212)
  • Chapter XIV, Against Praxeas,  Tertullian (c. 213)
  • III.II.1, First Principles (De Principiis), Origen. (c.225)
  • Rashi's Commentary, c. 1075. chabad.org.
  • From Calvin's Commentary on Genesis.
    • "At the same time, also, we may observe, that God tempts his servants, not only when he subdues the affections of the flesh, but when he reduces all their senses to nothing, that he may lead them to a complete renunciation of themselves."
  • From the Geneva Notes.
    • "This was the main point of his temptation, seeing that he was commanded to offer up him in whom God had promised to bless all the nations of the world."
  • From Matthew Henry's Commentary.
    • "God proved Abraham, not to draw him to sin, as Satan tempts."
  • Abraham's Offering Up His Son Isaac: sermon by George Whitefield.
    • "From what has been said, to sit loose to all your worldly comforts; and stand ready prepared to part with everything, when God shall require it at your hand."
  • From Wesley's Notes.
    • "The best evidence of our fearing God is our being willing to honour him with that which is dearest to us, and to part with all to him, or for him."
  • "Fear and Trembling," Soren Kierkegaard ("Johannes de Silentio"), 1843.
  • From the Commentary on the Whole Bible (Jamieson, Fausset and Brown, 1871).
    • "The sacrifice was virtually offered--the intention, the purpose to do it, was shown in all sincerity and fulness. The Omniscient witness likewise declared His acceptance in the highest terms of approval; and the apostle speaks of it as actually made."
• Contemporary References, Commentary and Comparative Texts:
  • Commentary, Genesis 22:1-14, Esther M. Menn, Preaching This Week, WorkingPreacher.org, 2008.
    • "'Do not lay your hand on the boy or do anything to him.' This protest from heaven halts Abraham in the horrific act of slaughtering his own son."
  • Comments (commentary) and Clippings (technical notes for in-depth study), Chris Haslam, Anglican Diocese of Montreal.
  • Sermon Brainwave Podcast. "Join Profs. Karoline Lewis, David Lose and Matthew Skinner for a conversation around the difficult passage of Genesis 22:1-14." Luther Seminary's WorkingPreacher.org.
  • The Old Testament Readings: Genesis 22:1-14. Weekly Comments on the Revised Common Lectionary, Howard Wallace Audrey Schindler, Morag Logan, Paul Tonson, Lorraine Parkinson, Theological Hall of the Uniting Church, Melbourne, Australia.
    • "God calls Abraham into a place where his faith in the promise and the God who promises is severely tested. Abraham experiences the depths of to which faithfulness and righteousness can be pushed. He is opened up to the suffering that can go with the struggle of faith."
  • "Preaching Stories of Family Origins: Readings from the Book of Genesis," lectionary reflections for June, Rev. Dr. Ronald J. Allen, The Living Pulpit, 2008.
  • Parashat Va-yera, Rabbi David Ackerman, Jewish Theological Seminary Commentary, 2008.
    • "We, like Abraham, don't always know where we're headed. And like Abraham, we walk in order to learn, in Aviva Zornberg's rich words, 'what it means not (yet) to be shown, to be told.'"
  • "When God Tested Abraham," The Journey with Jesus: Notes to Myself, Daniel B. Clendenin, Journey with Jesus Foundation.
    • "Abraham had to act as a solitary individual, with no guarantees or clarity, knowing that he might be horribly wrong and deeply deceived by himself or others, knowing that his actions would merit the opprobrium of his family and community, knowing that his act would be irreversible, and contrary to everyday standards of ethics and rationality. In his radical obedience, Abraham "worked out his salvation with fear and trembling" (Philippians 2:12–13), with palpable dread and humility, before a God who asks everything, absolutely everything, of us."
  • Genesis 22:1-14, Pentecost 6, Commentary, Background, Insights from Literary Structure, Theological Message, Ways to Present the Text. Anna Grant-Henderson, Uniting Church in Australia.
    • "When this narrative was read in the exilic community (587 BCE) it would stress two things to the exiles. The first was the need for obedience, which had been seen as the reason for their present situation, and the second that God kept his promises."
  • "Abraham and Isaac," Old Testament Analysis, Sermons from Seattle, Pastor Edward F. Markquart, Grace Lutheran Church, Seattle, Washington. Detailed background and exegesis.
  • "A Father Sacrifices His Son, A God Tests His Disciple," The Journey with Jesus: Notes to Myself, Daniel B. Clendenin, Journey with Jesus Foundation, 2008.
    • "Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac is one of those passages in Scripture that will always remain opaque; I doubt that any interpretation will fully satisfy us."
  • "Esther Ticktin's Drush on the Akedah," Rabbi Arthur Waskow, The Shalom Center.
    • "What happens when we turn our children into our idols?"
  • "Close Call," Melinda Bresee Hinners, The Christian Century, 2002.
    • "I believe the Abraham-Isaac scripture comes to us not only to demonstrate how very arduous it is to have true, abiding faith in God, but also to paint for us the magnificence of the Creator’s grace in our lives."
  • "Command to Sacrifice Isaac," "The Will of God," Larry Broding's Word-Sunday.Com: A Lectionary Resource for Catholics.
  • "'Now I know,' An Exposition of Genesis 22:1-19 and Matthew 26:36-46," James L Mays, Theology Today, 2002.
    • "Twice in the biblical story, the purpose of God for the world depends decisively on the obedience of faith. When Abraham binds Isaac on Moriah's mountain and when Jesus prays, "Not my will, but yours" in Gethsemane's garden, something crucial happens for the course of God's way with the rest of us."
  • "God, Abraham, and the Abuse of Isaac," Terence E. Fretheim, Word & World, 1995.
    • "Psychologist Alice Miller claims that Genesis 22 may have contributed to an atmosphere that makes it possible to justify the abuse of children..."
  • Abraham and Isaac, James Arne Nestingen, The Lenten First Lessons, Word & World Texts in Context, Luther Seminary, 1985.
    • "It is the desolate cry of Good Friday and the declaration of an Easter that brings Good Friday to an end without denying or destroying the reality of it."
  • "A Great Partner for a Great Endeavor," Torah Commentary by Wendy Amsellem. BeliefNet.
    • "Along the way, Abraham learns that no one person has a monopoly on God's covenant, and that great endeavors require great partners."
  • "On a Wild and Windy Mountain," William Willimon, The Christian Century, 1983. At Religion Online.
    • "How odd that we who make our homes and plant our gardens under the shadow of the mushroom cloud, who regularly discard our innocents in sacrifices to far lesser gods than Yahweh, should look condescendingly upon Abraham."
  • "The Sacrifice of Isaac," a discussion between Robert Alter, Father Alexander A. DiLella O.F.M., and Kenneth A. Mathews at Genesis Reconsidered by Time.com.
  • "Isaac: A Reflection on Genesis 22" by William R.G. Loader, Murdoch University, Australia.
    • "Abraham raised his arm. In a moment when he saw nothing and heard nothing and saw everything and heard everything his hand fell, plunging the sharp knife into the flesh of his son. Isaac screamed. Abraham, overwhelmed by a sane madness plunged again and again and again, in frenzied obedience, in blind faith, in passion borne of distraction."
  • "The Binding of Isaac," W. Dow Edgerton, Chicago Theological Seminary. Theology Today, 1987.
    • "The isolation and immobilization of the reader, first established in the paralyzing beginning of the story, are confirmed. We have indeed been outside looking in; we have been positioned, not to participate, but to witness. We have been positioned, not where we may understand, but where we may see. The story gives, not its meaning, but itself."
  • "Confronting the Character of God: Text and Praxis," by Dr. David R. Blumenthal, Professor of Judaic Studies, Emory University.
    • "One day, in the discussion, a psychiatrist asked, 'Rabbi, are you trying to tell us God is an Abuser? If so, it will be easier on you, and on us, if you just say it outright.' So, I did."
  • "Final Exams"  from the Biblical Studies Foundation.
    • "Many parents, like Abraham, view their future as wrapped up in their children. They wish to manipulate their lives so as to live out their hopes and dreams in them. We must give our children to the Lord and submit them, as ourselves, to His keeping and care."
  • Parshah Vayeira, text, commentary & articles from Chassidic Masters, sermons, etc from Chabad Lubavitch.
  • Parshas Vayera from The Project Genesis Torah Study. Index to numerous articles and studies on Genesis 18:1-22:24.
  • Articles from the Jewish Community of Atlanta's The Torah From Dixie, Parshat Vayeira. 
  • "Sacrifice of Isaac," Rabbi Herczeg, author of new Artscroll translation of Rashi's commentary to the Pentateuch.
    • "According to tradition, the Binding of Isaac was the tenth and last of Abraham's trials. Self-sacrifice was the theme of a number of these trials."
  • "Commentary on Genesis 22:1-14: Fifth Sunday After Pentecost (Year A)," by Dennis Bratcher at the Christian Resource Institute.
    • "The temptation in preaching this story will be to dwell on the emotional aspects of the passage and neglect the deeper questions that the story itself raises."
  • "Abraham and Isaac: The Test," Rabbi Hillel Goldberg, Project Genesis.
    • "Theonomy means: G-d decides. He is the sole legitimate determiner of man's decisions. If man acts upon G-d's command, this is right. If man acts because of some force inside him- his conscience, for example- this is wrong."
• Articles & Background:
  • Binding of Isaac, Wikipedia.
  • "Fear of the Lord," Russell Reno, Christian Ethics, Baylor University, 2009.
    • "Fear of the Lord is not only the beginning of wisdom. According to Scripture, fear of God is also the end as part of the consummating gift of salvation. What kind of fear leads to wholeness, love, and freedom from self-indulgence, rather than groveling servitude?"
  • "The sacrifice of Isaac in Qumran literature," Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Biblica 2002.
    • "Gen 22,1-19 the account of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac, is discussed first in its Hebrew and Old Greek form; then as it was developed in the Book of Jubilees 17,15–18,16, and especially in the form of Pseudo-Jubilees, as it is preserved in 4Q225 2 i and ii (4QPs-Juba 2 i 7-14, 2 ii 1-14), in order to ascertain how much of the development of the account can be traced to pre-Christian Palestinian Jewish tradition prior to the New Testament."
  • "Blood and Stone: Violence in the Bible & the Eye of the Illustrator," Barry Moser, CrossCurrents, Summer 2001.
    • "...always, cohort and companion in these mythic or sacred stories, there is the preponderance, the vehemence, of violence."
  • "Notes on God's Violence, for Mara Benjamin," Catherine Madsen, CrossCurrents, Summer 2001.
    • "What if the alternation in God's character between tender care and ferocious brutality, between limitless creation and wholesale wreckage, occurs not because the writers of the Hebrew Bible admired brutality or wreckage, but because they could not escape them?"
  • Tears from Jewish Heritage OnLine Magazine. See esp "When Angels Weep" midrash on angelic interference in the binding of Isaac.
    • "The tears of the angels fell upon the knife, so that it could not cut Isaac's throat, but from terror his soul escaped from him."
  • "The Test," program highlights, discussion & reflection questions and more from the Bill Moyers PBS series Genesis: A Living Conversation.
    • "'There is no such thing as the theological suspension of the ethical.' -- Franciso Garcia-Treto."
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  • Alexander, T. Desmond, "Genesis 22 and the Covenant of Circumcision," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 1983.
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  • Balserak, Jon, "Luther, Calvin and Musculus on Abraham's Trial: Exegetical History and the Transformation of Genesis 22," Reformation and Renaissance Review, 2004.
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  • Bergen, Robert D., "The Role of Genesis 22:1-19 in the ABraham Cycle: A Computer-Assisted Textual Interpretation," Criswell Theological Review, 1990.
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  • Boehm, Omri, "The Binding of Isaac: An Inner-Biblical Polemic on the Question of 'Disobeying' a Manifestly Illegal Order," Vetus Testamentum, 2002.
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  • Boehm, Omri, "Child Sacrifice, Ethical Responsibility and the Existence of the People of Israel," Vetus Testamentum, 2004.
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  • Charny, Israel W., "And Abraham Went to Slay Isaac: A Parable of Killer, Victim, and Bystander in the Family of Man," Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 1973.
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  • Chisholm, Robert B., Jr., "Anatomy of an Anthropomorphism: Does God Discover Facts?" Bibliotheca Sacra, 2007.
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  • Coats, George W., "Abraham's Sacrifice of Faith: A Form-Critical Study of Genesis 22," Interpretation, 1973.
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  • Collins, John J., "The Zeal of Phinehas: The Bible and the Legitimation of Violence," Journal of Biblical Literature, 2003.
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  • Daly, Robert J., S.J., "The Soteriological Significance of the Sacrifice of Isaac," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 1977.
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  • Davies, P.R., and B.D. Chilton, "The Aqedah: A Revised Tradition History," Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 1978.
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  • Edgerton, W. Dow, "The Binding of Isaac," Theology Today, 1987.
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  • Feinhor, Stuart, "Post-Mortem: Three Voices on the Binding of Isaac," Cross Currents, 1996.
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  • Fisk, Bruce N., "Offering Isaac Again and Again: Pseudo-Philo's Ue of the Aqedah as Intertext," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 2000.
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  • Fretheim, Terence D., "God, Abraham, and the Abuse of Isaac," Word & World, 1995.
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  • Green, Ronald M., "Abraham, Isaac, and the Jewish Tradition: An Ethical Reappraisal," Journal of Religious Ethics, 1982.
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  • Hayward, C.T.R., "The Sacrifice of Isaac and Jewish Polemic against Christianity," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 1990.
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  • Hinners, Melinda Bresee, "Close Call," The Christian Century, 2002.
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  • Kaminsky, Joel S., "Humor and the Theology of Hope: Isaac as a Humorous Figure," Interpretation, 2000.
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  • Kunin, Seth Daniel, "The Death of Isaac: Structuralist Analysis of Genesis 22," Journal of the Study of the Old Testament, 1994.
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  • Madsen, Catherine, "Notes on God's Violence," Cross Currents, 2001.
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  • Mays, James L., "'Now I Know,' An Exposition of Genesis 22:1-19 and Matthew 26:36-46," Theology Today, 2002.
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  • McClendon, James William, Jr., "Three Strands of Christian Ethics," JOurnal of Religious Ethics, 1978.
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  • Moberly, R.W.L., "The Earliest Commentary on the Akedah," Vetus Testamentum, 1988.
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  • Moltz, Howard, "God and Abraham in the Binding of Isaac," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 2001.
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  • Moser, Barry, "Blood & Stone: Violence in the Bible & the Eye of the Illustrator," Cross Currents, 2001.
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  • Nestingen, James Arne, "The Lenten First Lessons," Word & World, 1985. (Section on this text begins on page 91.)
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  • Novick, Tzvi, "Biblicized Narrative: On Tobit and Genesis 22," Journal of Biblical Literature, 2007.
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  • Polan, Gregory J., "Preaching at the Easter Vigil: The Paschal Mystery in the Old Testament Texts,"  Liturgical Ministry, 2004. (Section on this text begins on page 154.)
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  • Pope, Marvin H., "Enigmatic Bible Passages: The Timing of the Snagging of the Ram, Genesis 22:13," Biblical Archaeologist, 1986.
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  • Schmid, Konrad, "Abraham's Sacrifice: Gerhard von Rad's Interpretation of Genesis 22," Interpretation, 2008.
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  • Sherwood, Yvonne, "Binding-Unbinding: Divided Responses of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam to the 'Sacrifice' of Abraham's Beloved Son," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 2004.
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  • Tiessen, Terrance, "Does Yahweh Take Risks?" Didaskalia, 2007.
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  • Wilfong, Marsha M., "Genesis 22:1-18, Expository Article," Interpretation, 1991.
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  • Wilken, Robert L., "Melito, the Jewish Community at Sardis, and the Sacrifice of Isaac," Theological Studies, 1976.
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  • Willimon, William, "On a Wild and Windy Mountain," The Christian Century, 1983.
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  • Yang, Andrew S., "Abraham and Isaac, Child Abuse and Martin Luther," Lutheran Quarterly, 2005.
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• Reviews:
  • Review: Georg Steins, Die "Bindung Isaaks” im Kanon (Gen 22): Grundlagen und Programm einer kanonisch-intertextuellen Lektuere. (Review is in English) Herder, 1999. Reviewed by James L. Crenshaw in SBL's Review of Biblical Literature.
  • Review: Lothar Ruppert, Genesis, ein kritischer und theologischer Kommentar: 11,27 - 25, 18. Echter Verlag, 2002. Reviewed by David L. Petersen in SBL's Review of Biblical Literature. (Review is in English.)
  • Review: Edward Kessler, Bound by the Bible: Jews, Christians and the Sacrifice of Isaac. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Review by Isaac Kalimi in SBL's Review of Biblical Literature.
  • Review: Tammi J. Schneider, Sarah: Mother of Nations. Continuum, 2004. Review by Carol Dempsey, Review of Biblical Literature, 2005.
  • Review: Karin Finsterbusch, Armin Lange and K.F. Diethard Römheld, eds., Human Sacrifice in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Brill, 2007. Review by Jason Tatlock, Review of Biblical Literature, 2008.
• Sermons:
  • "The Aqedah," Rev. Sara Buteux, First Congregational Church of Hadley, MA.
  • "What Is Your Isaac?" Pastor Edward F. Markquart, Sermons from Seattle.
  • "A Test of a Lifetime," John Jewell, 1999.
  • "Give It Up," the Rev. Samuel T. Lloyd, Day 1, 1999.
• With Children:
  • "Abraham - Father of Many Nations," "Isaac," Illustrating the Story (lessons, children's sermons), coloring pages, activity sheets, crafts, children's songs. MSSS Crafts.
  • "Who Do You Trust?" Charles Kirkpatrick, Sermons4kids.com.
  • "Offering Our Isaac," Jim Kerlin, childrensermons.com.
  • "The Sacrifice," Linda Edwards, The Children's Chapel.
  • "Abraham Offers Isaac," children's study, puzzles, coloring sheet, etc. Higher Praise Christian Center.
  • "Word Search on Genesis 22," Don Crownover's Bible Puzzles.
• Drama:
  • "Abraham and Sarah," Linda Wyke, dramatix.
• Graphics & Bulletin Materials:
  • Clip Art: Abraham Sacrifices Isaac, Julius Schnoor von Carolsfeld woodcuts, World Mission Collection, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.
  • Where's the Beef, Sonny beach, Abraham-style bulk, Reverend Fun Cartoon, gospelcom.net. Check for printing permissions at right-hand side of destination page.
  • Clip Art, Anglican Diocese of Dunedin, New Zealand.
• Hymns and Music:
  • Hymns, midi files, scores at Blue Letter Bible/Cyber Hymnal:
    • The Saints Should Never Be Dismayed (Genesis 22:13)
• Fine Arts Images Linked at The Text This Week's Art Index:
  • Abraham and Isaac (includes the Binding of Isaac)
• Movies scenes with the following themes, listed at The Text This Week's Movie Concordance:
  • Abraham (see esp Eye of God)
• Literature and Literary References:
  • Lyrics to "The Story of Isaac" by Leonard Cohen.
  • "The Parable of the Old Man and the Young," by Wilfred Owen. Includes illustration and audio file.
• Study links and resources for the Book of Genesis