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Galatians
3:23-29
 | Reading the Text:
|
| Historical References, Commentary and
Comparative Texts:
 | Comparative World Scriptures from United Communities of
Spirit"
|
| Comparative texts about Baptism:
Water & Spirit from DSS, Josephus, Babylonian Talmud. At
(Rutgers University Dept of Religion) Mahlon H. Smith's Into His Own: Perspective on the
World of Jesus companion to the historical study of Christian texts. |
|
"Two as One," The Jesus Database, an online annotated inventory of
the traditions concerning the life and teachings of Jesus. Dr. Gregory C.
Jenks, FaithFutures Foundation. |
|
Chapter IV, The
Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians,
Ignatius of Antioch (c. 110).
(Longer Version only - 4th cent interpolation) |
|
IV.II.7, Adversus
Haereses,
Irenaeus of Lyons.
(c. 180) |
|
Chapter
XII, On Baptism,
Tertullian
(c. 198) |
|
Chapter XI, Exhortation
to the Greeks,
Clement of
Alexandria (c 200) |
|
I.6,
I.11, Paedagogus,
Clement of Alexandria (c 200) |
|
I.5,
I.26,
II.7, Stromata,
Clement of Alexandria (c 200) |
|
"Who is
the Rich Man that Shall Be Saved?" (sermon on Mark 10:17-31), Clement of
Alexandria (c. 200) |
|
III.12, Against
Marcion,
Tertullian
(c. 209) |
|
V.3, Against
Marcion,
Tertullian
(c. 212) |
|
Chapter
VII,
Chapter XVII,
On Monogamy,
Tertullian (c.
215) |
|
Chapter VI, On
Modesty,
Tertullian
(c. 217) |
|
V.II, The
Refutation of all Heresies (Philosophumena),
Hippolytus of Rome.
(c. 225) |
|
Epistle LIX
--
Cyprian of Carthage (c.
253) |
|
Epistle LXXIII
--
Epistle
LXXIV --
Cyprian of Carthage
(c. 256) |
|
Part 25,
On the Incarnation of the Word,
Athanasius of Alexandria, c. 318. |
|
Commentary
by St. John Chrysostom. |
| Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians (Galatians
3:20-29) by Martin Luther.
 | "The Law enforces good
behavior, at least outwardly. We obey the Law because if we don't we
will be punished. Our obedience is inspired by fear. We obey under
duress and we do it resentfully. Now what kind of righteousness is this
when we refrain from evil out of fear of punishment? Hence, the
righteousness of the Law is at bottom nothing but love of sin and hatred
of righteousness." |
|
| From the Geneva Notes.
| "The Church must put on
Christ, as it were a garment, and be covered with him, that it may
be thoroughly holy, and without blame." |
|
| Christ is All in All,
Jeremiah Burroughs (Puritan, c. 1650)
| "It is absolutely
necessary for you to know if you would have eternal life. It is possible
to be ignorant of many other truths and still be saved, but there must
be something of this or there can be no salvation." |
|
| From
Matthew Henry's
Commentary.
| "Being baptized into Christ,
we are baptized into his death, that as he died and rose again, so
we should die unto sin, and walk in newness and holiness of life.
The putting on of Christ according to the gospel, consists not in
outward imitation, but in a new birth, an entire change." |
|
| From Wesley's
Notes. |
| From the Commentary on the Whole Bible
(Jamieson, Fausset and Brown, 1871).
| "There is no distinction into
male and female. Difference of sex makes no difference in Christian
privileges. But under the law the male sex had great privileges.
Males alone had in their body circumcision, the sign of the covenant
(contrast baptism applied to male and female alike); they
alone were capable of being kings and priests, whereas all of either
sex are now "kings and priests unto God" (Re 1:6); they
had prior right to inheritances. In the resurrection the relation of
the sexes shall cease (Lu 20:35)." |
|
| From The People's
New Testament, B.W. Johnson, 1891.
| "In Roman families a
trusted slave, a pedagogue, had charge of children, preserved them from
harm, and took them to school. The law is such a tutor; not a
schoolmaster, but a guide to lead us to the school of Christ." |
|
|
| Contemporary Commentary, Studies and Exegesis:
|
"First
Thoughts on Year C Epistle Passages in the Lectionary,"
Pentecost 4, William Loader, Murdoch University, Uniting Church in
Australia.
| "Paul was declaring that you could
leave large parts of the Bible aside and that you should see it as having
its main meaning in what Jesus brought to us." |
|
|
Comments
(commentary) and
Clippings
(technical notes for in-depth study), Chris Haslam, Anglican
Diocese of Montreal. |
|
"The Death of One World and the Advent of Another," Mary Hinkle,
Pilgrim Preaching: Keeping company with biblical texts and the people who
hear and preach them.
| "Most of us grace-centered Christians
get confused on this point: we know that our worth comes solely from
Christ and our being in Christ, but then we act like all sorts of other
things matter tremendously." |
|
|
Galatians 3:23-29, Opportunity to Do Good: The Letter to the Galatians,
Craig Koester, Word & World Texts in Context, Luther Northwestern
Theological Seminary, 1989. |
|
"From
Curse to Blessing," Rev. Bryan Findlayson, Lectionary Bible
Studies and Sermons, Pumpkin Cottage Ministry Resources.
| "Expand the notion that justification
and the 'promise of the Spirit' equally reveal the substance of the
blessing." |
|
|
"Belonging to
Christ," Rev. Bryan Findlayson, Lectionary Bible
Studies and Sermons, Pumpkin Cottage Ministry Resources. Includes detailed
textual notes. |
|
"A Struggling
Apostle," Expository Essay, Galatians 3:23-29, Dr. William R. Long.
Part 2.
| "...Paul, despite tying himself up in
argument and being in his "black and white phase" of Christian faith, has
managed to make even the most jaded person sit up and take notice." |
|
|
"Unguarded Faith,"
analysis and reflections by Lori A. Cornell, in Sabbatheology by
The Crossings Community of St. Louis.
| "In Baptism, Christ's legacy is now
ours. But this inheritance, unlike most, is better spent than stashed
away." |
|
|
"The Broken Walls of Galatians 3:28," E. Louise Williams, Word &
World, 2000. |
|
"Galatians 3:19-25 as an Argument for God's Faithfulness: Reading Paul's
Rhetoric in Light of His Strategy," L. Ann Jervis, Word & World,
2000. |
| "The
Contribution of the Mosaic Covenant (Galatians 3:19-29)," by Robert L.
Deffinbaugh at the Biblical Studies Foundation.
| "The Gentile Galatians
had been persuaded by the Judaizers that to be truly spiritual they must
place themselves under the Law. Paul counters this by showing that if
living under the Law is no longer necessary for the Jews, surely it is
not required of the Gentiles either." |
|
| Environmental &
earth-centered reflections from the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota Environmental
Stewardship Commission.
| "In the wake of
Christmas, then, the household of faith is freed from its
self-preoccupations as it is sent forth into the world to participate in
that grand process by which God works throughout Creation toward the
energetic 'fullness of time.'" |
|
|
| Articles & Background:
|
"Paul's Contestation of Israel's Memory of Abraham in Galatians 3,"
Philip F. Esler, Biblical Theology Bulletin, 2006.
| "The audacity of Paul's enterprise is
evident in his leaving no room for Judeans who had not found faith in
Christ to be Abraham's descendants, a radical position from which he would
later withdraw in Romans 4." |
|
|
"Distinction and Function in the Church: Reading Galatians 3:28 in Context,"
Doug Heidebrecht, Direction, 2005.
| "A careful reading of Galatians 3:28
within the context of Galatians and in relation to New Testament texts
with similar themes suggests different conclusions than are often proposed
by either egalitarians or complementarians in the current debate over
women in church leadership." |
|
|
"The Covenant
of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in
Galatians 3:28," Troy W. Martin, Journal of Biblical Literature,
2003. (This URL links entire journal in one .pdf file. Slow connections will
require long download times.)
| "Relating the three pairs of antitheses
in Gal 3:28 to the stipulations in the covenant of circumcision, this
situational explanation recognizes the continuing distinctions represented
by these pairs in Paul's genuine letters, releases Paul from rigid
adherence to a fixed baptismal formula, and relates the formulation of
these pairs to the situation in Galatia." |
|
|
"Paul -
an Obituary," Gerd Ludemann, Bible and Interpretation.
| "From the beginning, Paul had
experienced in an almost intoxicating way the reality and the praxis of
the unity of the church made up of Jews and Gentiles." |
|
| "Abraham
and the Righteousness of God," Lloyd Gaston, at the Jewish-Christian
Relations site.
| "Every interpretation
of Paul that is based on a misrepresentation of Judaism is to be
rigorously excluded. Why should we assume "opponents," against
whom Paul's words must be understood as "polemic", where none
is indicated? (Paul had enough real problems in making himself
understood to his churches without our conjuring up a fabricated Spätjudentum
to be his enemy.) If it is possible to interpret Paul in continuity with
the tradition before him, why should we not do so?" |
|
|
"The
One Who Calls," John B. Cobb, Jr. Radical freedom in Christ. Chapter 2 in
God
and the World. Full text at Religion On-Line.
| "The Holy One is not the
primordial sacred which transcends and annihilates all separateness and individuality
through mysterious and dehumanizing cults, but the immanent-transcendent Ground of life
and creativity which calls us ever forward in and through the ordinary events of daily
life and the often terrifying occurrences of human history." |
|
|
"Baptism,
Eucharist and Ministry," Faith and Order Paper No. 111.
World Council of Churches, 1982. Theological and
practical commentary. |
|
"Towards
Sharing the One Faith," Faith and Order Paper No. 113.
World Council of Churches, 1996. A study/discussion
guide on the Nicene Creed. |
| "Is
Paul the Father of Misogyny and Antisemitism?" Pamela Eisenbaum,
CrossCurrents, Winter 2000-01.
| "I do not believe the dictum
in Gal. 3:28 as used by Paul was meant to articulate the destruction
of human categories of existence so that people might share the same
human essence. Rather, he articulated the construction of new human
social relations based on the model of family." |
|
|
"Pluralism
and Christian Commitment," Lamin Senneh, Theology Today,
1988.
| "In the early centuries, the
new Christian religion moved forward like an oriental caravanserai,
with its complex baggage of exotic teachings, baffling mysteries,
and an eclectic ethical code. In the jumble and tumble of social
encounter, Christians spoke a bewildering variety of languages...
Christian missionaries assumed that since all cultures and languages
are lawful in God's eyes, the rendering of God's word into those
languages and cultures is valid and necessary... Far from
suppressing indigenous cultures, the effect of missionary
translation has been to stimulate indigenous renewal." |
|
|
| Articles in
ATLAS Journals. (Direct link when you are
subscribed and logged in to
ATLASerials online collection of Religion and Theology Journals.):
| Belleville, Linda L.,
"'Under Law': Structural Analysis and the Pauline Concept of Law in
Galatians 3:21-4:11," Journal for the Study of the New Testament,
1986.
Image Browse -
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| Borchert, Gerald L.,
"A Key to Pauline Thinking - Galatians 3:23-29: Faith and the New Humanity,"
Review & Expositor, 1994.
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PDF |
| Boucher, Madeleine,
"Some Unexplored Parallels to 1 Cor 11:11-12 and Gal 3:28: The NT on the
Role of Women," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 1969.
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PDF |
| Cousar, Charles B.,
"Paul and the Death of Jesus," Interpretation, 1998.
Image Browse -
PDF |
| Eisenbaum, Pamela,
"Is Paul the Father of Misogyny and Antisemitism?" Cross Currents,
2000/01.
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PDF |
| Gaventa, Beverly Roberts,
"Is Galatians Just a 'Guy Thing'? A Theological Reflection,"
Interpretation, 2000.
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PDF |
| Hanson, A.T.,
"The Origin of Paul's Use of PAIDAGOGOS for the Law," Journal
for the Study of the New Testament, 1988.
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| Harrill, J. Albert,
"Coming of Age and Putting on Christ: The toga virilis Ceremony, Its
Paraenesis, and Paul's Interpretation of Baptism in Galatians," Novum
Testamentum, 2002.
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| Harrisville, Roy A., III, "Before
PISTIS CHRISTOU: The Objective Genitive as Good Greek," Novum
Testamentum, 2006.
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PDF |
| Heidebrecht, Doug,
"Distinction and Function in the Church: Reading Galatians 3:28 in Context,"
Direction, 2005.
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PDF |
| Hopko, Thomas
"Galatians 3:28: An Orthodox Interpretation," St. Vladimir's
Theological Quarterly, 1991.
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PDF |
| House, H. Wayne,
"A Biblical View of Women in the Ministry: 'Neither ... Male nor Female ...
in Christ Jesus,'" Bibliotheca Sacra, 1988.
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| Jervis, L. Ann,
"Galatians 3:19-25 as an Argument for God's Faithfulness: Reading Paul's
Rhetoric in Light of His Strategy," Word & World, 2000.
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| Jones, L. Gregory,
"Unity and Diversity in Christ," The Christian Century, 1992.
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| Jones, Peter Rhea,
"Exegesis of Galatians 3 and 4," Review and Expositor, 1972.
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| Kahl, Brigitte,
"No Longer Male: Masculinity Struggles behind Galatians 3.28?"
Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 2000.
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PDF |
| Koester, Craig,
"Opportunity to Do Good: The Letter to the Galatians," Word & World,
1989.
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PDF |
| Lienemann-Perrin, Christine,
"The Biblical Foundations for a Feminist and Participatory Theology of
Mission," International Review of Mission, 2004.
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PDF |
| Lowe, Stephen D.,
"Rethinking the Female Status/Function Question: The Jew/Gentile
Relationship as Paradigm," Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society, 1991.
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PDF |
| Lull, David J.,
"'The Law Was Our Pedagogue': A Study in Galatians 3:19-25," Journal
of Biblical Literature, 1986.
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PDF |
| Marcus, Joel,
"'Under the Law': The Background of a Pauline Expression," The
Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 2001.
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PDF |
| Martin, Troy W.,
"The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational
Antitheses in Galatians 3:28," Journal of Biblical Literature,
2003.
Image Browse -
PDF |
| Neyrey, Jerome H., S.J.,
"God, Benefactor and Patron: The Major Cultural Model for Interpreting the
Deity in Greco-Roman Antiquity," Journal for the Study of the New
Testament, 2005.
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PDF |
| Pentecost, J. Dwight,
"The Purpose of the Law," Bibliotheca Sacra, 1971.
Image Browse -
PDF |
| Sanneh, Lamin,
"Pluralism and Christian Commitment," Theology Today, 1988.
Image Browse -
PDF |
| Smith, Michael J.,
"The Role of the Pedagogue in Galatians," Bibliotheca Sacra,
2006.
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PDF |
| Stanley, Christopher D.,
"'Neither Jew nor Greek': Ethnic Conflict in Graeco-Roman Society,"
Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 1996.
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PDF |
| Williams, E. Louise,
"The Broken Walls of Galatians 3:28," Word & World, 2000.
Image Browse -
PDF |
|
| Reviews:
|
Review:
Marc Rastoin, Tarse et Jérusalem: La Double Culture
de l'Apotre Paul en Galates 3,6-4,7. Editrice Pontifico Istituto Biblico,
2003. Review (in English) by Stephan Witetschek, Review of Biblical
Literature, 2005. |
|
| Sermons:
|
"I Believe, I Believe," from a series of sermons on the book of
Galatians by Pastor Edward F. Markquart, Grace Lutheran Church in Des
Moines, Washington. |
|
"One in Christ
Jesus," John Jewell, 2001. |
| "Baptized in the Storm," Terry Echelbarger, Pacific School of Religion,
2000. |
|
"What Is
Discipline?" the Very Rev. Samuel G. Candler, Day 1, 1998. |
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| With Children:
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| Drama: |
| Graphics & Bulletin Materials: |
| Hymns and Music:
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| Fine Arts Images Linked at The Text This Week's
Art Index: |
| Study Links and Resources for the Book of Galatians |
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